I think that Camus split the book into two parts for a variety of different reasons. I think that the first reason is to demonstrate the difference in emotions and actions Mersault takes before and after the murder of the Arab. Before the murder the book is very focused on Mersault's every day routines, the funeral of his mother and his desire for Marie. Something I noticed however was that in both the first and second part there is death. The book begins with the announcement of the death of his mother and his preceding actions. Camus describes, with a touch of ambiguity the way Mersault is dealing with his mothers death. To compare the Second part starts out with the preceding occurances of his shooting of the Arab.
I believe that The Stranger was also divided into to parts to further emphasize the intensity of the climax. Part one ends just as the shooting occurs, leaving the reader with a hook and a sense of suspense and desire to find out what Mersault's consequences will be. I think that splitting the book in two parts was a good structural choice for Camus to make while writting this book.
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